Can i buy ventolin online

John Rawls begins a Theory of Justice with the observation that 'Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems can i buy ventolin online of thought… Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override'1 (p.3). The asthma treatment ventolin can i buy ventolin online has resulted in lock-downs, the restriction of liberties, debate about the right to refuse medical treatment and many other changes to the everyday behaviour of persons. The justice issues it raises are diverse, profound and will demand our attention for some time. How we can respect the Rawlsian commitment to the inviolability of each person, when the welfare of societies as a whole is under threat goes to the heart of some of the difficult ethical issues we face and are discussed in this issue of the Journal of Medical Ethics.The debate about ICU triage and asthma treatment is quite well developed and this journal has published several articles that explore can i buy ventolin online aspects of this issue and how different places approach it.2–5 Newdick et al add to the legal analysis of triage decisions and criticise the calls for respecting a narrow conception of a legal right to treatment and more detailed national guidelines for how triage decisions should be made.6They consider scoring systems for clinical frailty, organ failure assessment, and raise some doubts about the fairness of their application to asthma treatment triage situations. Their argument seems to highlight instances of what is called the McNamara fallacy.

US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara used enemy body counts as a measure of military success during the Vietnam can i buy ventolin online war. So, the fallacy occurs when we rely solely on considerations that appear to be quantifiable, to the neglect of vital qualitative, difficult to measure or contestable features.6 Newdick et al point to variation in assessment, subtlety in condition and other factors as reasons why it is misleading to present scoring systems as ‘objective’ tests for triage. In doing so they draw a distinction between procedural and outcome consistency, which is important, and hints at can i buy ventolin online distinctions Rawls drew between the different forms of procedural fairness. While we might hope to come up with a triage protocol that is procedurally fair and arrives at a fair outcome (what Rawls calls perfect procedural justice, p. 85) there can i buy ventolin online is little prospect of that.

As they observe, reasonable people can disagree about the outcomes we should aim for in allocating health resources and ICU triage for asthma treatment is no exception. Instead, we should work toward a transparent and can i buy ventolin online fair process, what Rawls would describe as imperfect procedural justice (p. 85). His example of this is a criminal trial where we adopt processes that we have reason to believe are our best chance of determining guilt, but which do not guarantee the truth of a verdict, and this is a reason why they must be transparent and consistent (p. 85).

Their proposal is to triage patients into three broad categories. High, medium and low priority, with the thought that a range of considerations could feed into that evaluation by an appropriately constituted clinical group.Ballantyne et al question another issue that is central to the debate about asthma treatment triage.4 They describe how utility measures such as QALYs, lives saved seem to be in tension with equity. Their central point is that ICU for asthma treatment can be futile, and that is a reason for questioning how much weight should be given to equality of access to ICU for asthma treatment. They claim that there is little point admitting someone to ICU when ICU is not in their best interests. Instead, the scope of equity should encompass preventing 'remediable differences among social, economic demographic or geographic groups' and for asthma treatment that means looking beyond access to ICU.

Their central argument can be summarised as follows.Maximising utility can entrench existing health inequalities.The majority of those ventilated for asthma treatment in ICU will die.Admitting frailer or comorbid patients to ICU is likely to do more harm than good to these groups.Therefore, better access to ICU is unlikely to promote health equity for these groups.Equity for those with health inequalities related to asthma treatment should broadened to include all the services a system might provide.Brown et al argue in favour of asthma treatment immunity passports and the following summarises one of the key arguments in their article.7asthma treatment immunity passports are a way of demonstrating low personal and social risk.Those who are at low personal risk and low social risk from asthma treatment should be permitted more freedoms.Permitting those with immunity passports greater freedoms discriminates against those who do not have passports.Low personal and social risk and preserving health system capacity are relevant reasons to discriminate between those who have immunity and those who do not.Brown et al then consider a number of potential problems with immunity passports, many of which are justice issues. Resentment by those who do not hold an immunity passport along with a loss of social cohesion, which is vital for responding to asthma treatment, are possible downsides. There is also the potential to advantage those who are immune, economically, and it could perpetuate existing inequalities. A significant objection, which is a problem for the justice of many policies, is free riding. Some might create fraudulent immunity passports and it might even incentivise intentional exposure to the ventolin.

Brown et al suggest that disincentives and punishment are potential solutions and they are in good company as the Rawlsian solution to free riding is for 'law and government to correct the necessary corrections.' (p. 268)Elves and Herring focus on a set of ethical principles intended to guide those making policy and individual level decisions about adult social care delivery impacted by the ventolin.8 They criticize the British government’s framework for being silent about what to do in the face of conflict between principles. They suggest the dominant values in the framework are based on autonomy and individualism and argue that there are good reasons for not making autonomy paramount in policy about asthma treatment. These include that information about asthma treatment is incomplete, so no one can be that informed on decisions about their health. The second is one that highlights the importance of viewing our present ethical challenges via the lens of justice or other ethical concepts such as community or solidarity that enable us to frame collective obligations and interests.

They observe that asthma treatment has demonstrated how health and how we live our lives are linked. That what an individual does can have profound impact on the health of many others.Their view is that appeals to self-determination ring hollow for asthma treatment and their proposed remedy is one that pushes us to reflect on what the liberal commitment to the inviolability of each person means. They explain Dworkin’s account of 'associative obligations' which occur within a group when they acknowledge special rights and responsibilities to each other. These obligations are a way of giving weight to community considerations, without collapsing into full-blown utilitarianism and while still respecting the inviolability of persons.The asthma treatment ventolin is pushing ethical deliberation in new directions and many of them turn on approaching medical ethics with a greater emphasis on justice and related ethical concepts.IntroductionAs asthma treatment spread internationally, healthcare services in many countries became overwhelmed. One of the main manifestations of this was a shortage of intensive care beds, leading to urgent discussion about how to allocate these fairly.

In the initial debates about allocation of scarce intensive care unit (ICU) resources, there was optimism about the ‘good’ of ICU access. However, rather than being a life-saving intervention, data began to emerge in mid-April showing that most critical patients with asthma treatment who receive access to a ventilator do not survive to discharge. The minority who survive leave the ICU with significant morbidity and a long and uncertain road to recovery. This reality was under-recognised in bioethics debates about ICU triage throughout March and April 2020. Central to these disucssions were two assumptions.

First, that ICU admission was a valuable but scarce resource in the ventolin context. And second, that both equity and utility considerations were important in determining which patients should have access to ICU. In this paper we explain how scarcity and value were conflated in the early ICU asthma treatment triage literature, leading to undue optimism about the ‘good’ of ICU access, which in turned fuelled equity-based arguments for ICU access. In the process, ethical issues regarding equitable access to end-of-life care more broadly were neglected.Equity requires the prevention of avoidable or remediable differences among social, economic, demographic, or geographic groups.1 How best to apply an equity lens to questions of distribution will depend on the nature of the resource in question. Equitable distribution of ICU beds is significantly more complex than equitable distribution of other goods that might be scarce in a ventolin, such as masks or treatments.

ICU (especially that which involves intubation and ventilation i.e. Mechanical ventilation) is a burdensome treatment option that can lead to significant suffering—both short and long term. The degree to which these burdens are justified depends on the probability of benefit, and this depends on the clinical status of the patient. People are rightly concerned about the equity implications of excluding patients from ICU on the grounds of pre-existing comorbidities that directly affect prognosis, especially when these align with and reflect social disadvantage. But this does not mean that aged, frail or comorbid patients should be admitted to ICU on the grounds of equity, when this may not be in their best interests.ICU triage debateThe asthma treatment ventolin generated extraordinary demand for critical care and required hard choices about who will receive presumed life-saving interventions such as ICU admission.

The debate has focused on whether or not a utilitarian approach aimed at maximising the number of lives (or life-years) saved should be supplemented by equity considerations that attempt to protect the rights and interests of members of marginalised groups. The utilitarian approach uses criteria for access to ICU that focus on capacity to benefit, understood as survival.2 Supplementary equity considerations have been invoked to relax the criteria in order to give a more diverse group of people a chance of entering ICU.3 4Equity-based critiques are grounded in the concern that a utilitarian approach aimed at maximising the number (or length) of lives saved may well exacerbate inequity in survival rates between groups. This potential for discrimination is heightened if triage tools use age as a proxy for capacity to benefit or are heavily reliant on Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) which will deprioritise people with disabilities.5 6 Even if these pitfalls are avoided, policies based on maximising lives saved entrench existing heath inequalities because those most likely to benefit from treatment will be people of privilege who come into the ventolin with better health status than less advantaged people. Those from lower socioeconomic groups, and/or some ethnic minorities have high rates of underlying comorbidities, some of which are prognostically relevant in asthma treatment . Public health ethics requires that we acknowledge how apparently neutral triage tools reflect and reinforce these disparities, especially where the impact can be lethal.7But the utility versus equity debate is more complex than it first appears.

Both the utility and equity approach to ICU triage start from the assumption that ICU is a valuable good—the dispute is about how best to allocate it. Casting ICU admission as a scarce good subject to rationing has the (presumably unintended) effect of making access to critical care look highly appealing, triggering cognitive biases. Psychologists and marketers know that scarcity sells.8 People value a commodity more when it is difficult or impossible to obtain.9 When there is competition for scarce resources, people focus less on whether they really need or want the resource. The priority becomes securing access to the resource.Clinicians are not immune to scarcity-related cognitive bias. Clinicians treating patients with asthma treatment are working under conditions of significant information overload but without the high quality clinical research (generated from large data sets and rigorous methodology) usually available for decision-making.

The combination of overwhelming numbers of patients, high acuity and uncertainty regarding best practice is deeply anxiety provoking. In this context it is unsurprising that, at least in the early stages of the ventolin, they may not have the psychological bandwidth to challenge assumptions about the benefits of ICU admission for patients with severe disease. Zagury-Orly and Schwartzstein have recently argued that the health sector must accept that doctors’ reasoning and decision-making are susceptible to human anxieties and in the “…effort to ‘do good’ for our patients, we may fall prey to cognitive biases and therapeutic errors”.10We suggest the global publicity and panic regarding ICU triage distorted assessments of best interests and decision-making about admittance to ICU and slanted ethical debate. This has the potential to compromise important decisions with regard to care for patients with asthma treatment.The emerging reality of ICUIn general, the majority of patients who are ventilated for asthma treatment in ICU will die. Although comparing data from different health systems is challenging due to variation in admission criteria for ICU, clear trends are emerging with regard to those critically unwell and requiring mechanical ventilation.

Emerging data show case fatality rates of 50%–88% for ventilated patients with asthma treatment. In China11 and Italy about half of those with asthma treatment who receive ventilator support have not survived.12 In one small study in Wuhan the ICU mortality rate among those who received invasive mechanical ventilation was 86% (19/22).13 Interestingly, the rate among those who received less intensive non-invasive ventilation (NIV)1 was still 79% (23/29).13 Analysis of 5700 patients in the New York City area showed that the mortality for those receiving mechanical ventilation was 88%.14 In the UK, only 20% of those who have received mechanical ventilation have been discharged alive.15 Hence, the very real possibility of medical futility with regard to ventilation in asthma treatment needs to be considered.It is also important to consider the complications and side effects that occur in an ICU context. These patients are vulnerable to hospital acquired s such as ventilator associated pneumonias with high mortality rates in their own right,16 neuropathies, myopathies17 and skin damage. Significant long term morbidity (physical, mental and emotional challenges) can also be experienced by people who survive prolonged ventilation in ICU.12 18 Under normal (non-ventolin) circumstances, many ICU patients experience significant muscle atrophy and deconditioning, sleep disorders, severe fatigue,19 post-traumatic stress disorder,20 cognitive deficits,21 depression, anxiety, difficulty with daily activities and loss of employment.22 Although it is too soon to have data on the long term outcomes of ICU survivors in the specific context of asthma treatment, the UK Chartered Society of Physiotherapy predicts a ‘tsunami of rehabilitation needs’ as patients with asthma treatment begin to be discharged.23 The indirect effects of carer-burden should also not be underestimated, as research shows that caring for patients who have survived critical illness results in high levels of depressive symptoms for the majority of caregivers.24The emerging mortality data for patients with asthma treatment admitted to ICU—in conjunction with what is already known about the morbidity of ICU survivors—has significant implications for the utility–equity debates about allocating the scarce resource of ICU beds. First, they undermine the utility argument as there seems to be little evidence that ICU admission leads to better outcomes for patients, especially when the long term morbidity of extended ICU admission is included in the balance of burdens and benefits.

For some patients, perhaps many, the burdens of ICU will not outweigh the limited potential benefits. Second, the poor survival rates challenge the equity-based claim for preferential access to treatment for members of disadvantaged groups. In particular, admitting frailer or comorbid patients to ICU to fulfil equity goals is unlikely to achieve greater survival for these population groups, but will increase their risk of complications and may ultimately exacerbate or prolong their suffering.The high proportions of people who die despite ICU admission make it particularly important to consider what might constitute better or worse experiences of dying with asthma treatment, and how ICU admission affects the likelihood of a ‘good’ death. Critical care may compromise the ability of patients to communicate and engage with their families during the terminal phase of their lives—in the context of an intubated, ventilated patient this is unequivocal.Given the high rates of medical futility with patients with asthma treatment in ICU, the very significant risks for further suffering in the short and long term and the compromise of important psychosocial needs—such as communicating with our families—in the terminal phase of life, our ethical scope must be wider than ICU triage. Ho and Tsai argue that, “In considering effective and efficient allocation of healthcare resources as well as physical and psychological harm that can be incurred in prolonging the dying process, there is a critical need to reframe end-of-life care planning in the ICU.”25 We propose that the focus on equity concerns during the ventolin should broaden to include providing all people who need it with access to the highest possible standard of end-of-life care.

This requires attention to minimising barriers to accessing culturally safe care in the following interlinked areas. Palliative care, and communication and decision support and advanced care planning.Palliative careScaling up palliative and hospice care is an essential component of the asthma treatment ventolin response. Avoiding non-beneficial or unwanted high-intensity care is critical when the capacity of the health system is stressed.26 Palliative care focuses on symptom management, quality of life and death, and holistic care of physical, psychological, social and spiritual health.27 Evidence from Italy has prompted recommendations that, “Governments must urgently recognise the essential contribution of hospice and palliative care to the asthma treatment ventolin, and ensure these services are integrated into the healthcare system response.”28 Rapid palliative care policy changes were implemented in response to asthma treatment in Italy, including more support in community settings, change in admission criteria and daily telephone support for families.28 To meet this increased demand, hospice and palliative care staff should be included in personal protective equipment (PPE) allocation and provided with appropriate preventon and control training when dealing with patients with asthma treatment or high risk areas.Attention must also be directed to maintaining supply lines for essential medications for pain, distress and sedation. Patients may experience pain due to existing comorbidities, but may also develop pain as a result of excessive coughing or immobility from asthma treatment. Such symptoms should be addressed using existing approaches to pain management.27 Supply lines for essential medications for distress and pain management, including fentanyl and midazolam are under threat in the USA and propofol—used in terminal sedation—may also be in short supply.29 The challenges are exacerbated when people who for various reasons eschew or are unable to secure hospital admission decline rapidly at home with asthma treatment (the time frame of recognition that someone is dying may be shorter than that through which hospice at home services usually support people).

There is growing debate about the fair allocation of novel drugs—sometimes available as part of ongoing clinical trials—to treat asthma treatment with curative intent.2 30 But we must also pay attention to the fair allocation of drugs needed to ease suffering and dying.Communication and end-of-life decision-making supportEnd-of-life planning can be especially challenging because patients, family members and healthcare providers often differ in what they consider most important near the end of life.31 Less than half of ICU physicians—40.6% in high income countries and 46.3% in low–middle income countries—feel comfortable holding end-of-life discussions with patients’ families.25 With ICUs bursting and health providers under extraordinary pressure, their capacity to effectively support end-of-life decisions and to ease dying will be reduced.This suggests a need for specialist asthma treatment communication support teams, analogous to the idea of specialist ICU triage teams to ensure consistency of decision making about ICU admissions/discharges, and to reduce the moral and psychological distress of health providers during the ventolin.32 These support teams could provide up to date information templates for patients and families, support decision-making, the development of advance care plans (ACPs) and act as a liaison between families (prevented from being in the hospital), the patient and the clinical team. Some people with disabilities may require additional communication support to ensure the patients’ needs are communicated to all health providers.33 This will be especially important if carers and visitors are not able to be present.To provide effective and appropriate support in an equitable way, communication teams will need to include those with the appropriate skills for caring for diverse populations including. Interpreters, specialist social workers, disability advocates and cultural support liaison officers for ethnic and religious minorities. Patient groups that already have comparatively poor health outcomes require dedicated resources. These support resources are essential if we wish to truly mitigate equity concerns that arisingduring the ventolin context.

See Box 1 for examples of specific communication and care strategies to support patients.Box 1 Supporting communication and compassionate care during asthma treatmentDespite the sometimes overwhelming pressure of the ventolin, health providers continue to invest in communication, compassionate care and end-of-life support. In some places, doctors have taken photos of their faces and taped these to the front of their PPE so that patients can ‘see’ their face.37 In Singapore, patients who test positive for asthma are quarantined in health facilities until they receive two consecutive negative tests. Patients may be isolated in hospital for several weeks. To help ease this burden on patients, health providers have dubbed themselves the ‘second family’ and gone out of their way to provide care as well as treatment. Elsewhere, medical, nursing and multi-disciplinary teams are utilising internet based devices to enable ‘virtual’ visits and contact between patients and their loved ones.38 Some centres are providing staff with masks with a see-through window panel that shows the wearer’s mouth, to support effective communication with patient with hearing loss who rely on lip reading.39Advance care planningACPs aim to honour decisions made by autonomous patients if and when they lose capacity.

However, talking to patients and their loved ones about clinical prognosis, ceilings of treatment and potential end-of-life care is challenging even in normal times. During asthma treatment the challenges are exacerbated by uncertainty and urgency, the absence of family support (due to visitor restrictions) and the wearing of PPE by clinicians and carers. Protective equipment can create a formidable barrier between the patient and the provider, often adding to the patient’s sense of isolation and fear. An Australian palliative care researcher with experience working in disaster zones, argues that the “PPE may disguise countenance, restrict normal human touch and create an unfamiliar gulf between you and your patient.”34 The physical and psychological barriers of PPE coupled with the pressure of high clinical loads do not seem conducive to compassionate discussions about patients’ end-of-life preferences. Indeed, a study in Singapore during the 2004 SARS epidemic demonstrated the barrier posed by PPE to compassionate end-of-life care.35Clinicians may struggle to interpret existing ACPs in the context of asthma treatment, given the unprecedented nature and scale of the ventolin and emerging clinical knowledge about the aetiology of the disease and (perhaps especially) about prognosis.

This suggests the need for asthma treatment-specific ACPs. Where possible, proactive planning should occur with high-risk patients, the frail, those in residential care and those with significant underlying morbidities. Ideally, ACP conversations should take place prior to illness, involve known health providers and carers, not be hampered by PPE or subject to time constraints imposed by acute care contexts. Of note here, a systematic review found that patients who received advance care planning or palliative care interventions consistently showed a pattern toward decreased ICU admissions and reduced ICU length of stay.36ConclusionHow best to address equity concerns in relation to ICU and end-of-life care for patients with asthma treatment is challenging and complex. Attempts to broaden clinical criteria to give patients with poorer prognoses access to ICU on equity grounds may result in fewer lives saved overall—this may well be justified if access to ICU confers benefit to these ‘equity’ patients.

But we must avoid tokenistic gestures to equity—admitting patients with poor prognostic indicators to ICU to meet an equity target when intensive critical care is contrary to their best interests. ICU admission may exacerbate and prolong suffering rather than ameliorate it, especially for frailer patients. And prolonging life at all costs may ultimately lead to a worse death. The capacity for harm not just the capacity for benefit should be emphasised in any triage tools and related literature. Equity can be addressed more robustly if ventolin responses scale up investment in palliative care services, communication and decision-support services and advanced care planning to meet the needs of all patients with asthma treatment.

Ultimately, however, equity considerations will require us to move even further from a critical care framework as the social and economic impact of the ventolin will disproportionately impact those most vulnerable. Globally, we will need an approach that does not just stop an exponential rise in s but an exponential rise in inequality.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Tracy Anne Dunbrook and David Tripp for their helpful comments, and NUS Medicine for permission to reproduce the asthma treatment Chronicles strip..

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Oct. 15, 2021 -- A FDA advisory committee on Friday voted 19-0 to authorize second doses of the Johnson &. Johnson asthma treatment in an effort to boost immunity.

It was the second vote in as many days to back a change to a asthma treatment timeline.In its vote, the committee said that boosters could be offered to people as young as age 18. However, it is not clear that everyone who got a Johnson &. Johnson treatment needs to get a second dose.

The same panel voted Thursday to recommend booster shots for Moderna treatment, but for a narrower group of people.It will be up to a CDC panel next week to make more specific recommendations for who might need another shot. The CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices is scheduled to meet next Thursday to discuss issues related to asthma treatments.Studies of the effectiveness of the J&J treatment in the real world show that its protection -- while good -- has not been as strong as the mRNA treatments made by Pfizer and Moderna, which are given as part of a two-dose series. In the end, the members of the treatments and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee said they felt that the company hadn't made a case for calling their second shot a booster, but had shown enough data to suggest that everyone over the age of 18 should consider getting two shots of the Johnson &.

Johnson treatment as a matter of course.This is an especially important issue for adults over the age of 50. A recent study in TheNew England Journal of Medicine found that older adults who got the Johnson &. Johnson treatment were less protected against and hospitalization than those who got mRNA treatments.Limited DataThe company presented data from six studies to the FDA panel in support of a second dose were limited.

The only study looking at second doses after 6 months included just 17 people.These studies did show that a second dose substantially increased levels of neutralizing antibodies, which are the body's first line of protection against asthma treatment . But the company turned this data over to the FDA so recently that agency scientists repeatedly stressed during the meeting that they did not have ample time to follow their normal process of independently verifying the data and following up with their own analysis of the study results.Peter Marks, MD, director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, said it would have taken months to complete that rigorous level of review.Instead, in the interest of urgency, the FDA said it had tried to bring some clarity to the tangle of study results presented that included three dosing schedules and different measures of effectiveness. €œHere’s how this strikes me,” said committee member Paul Offit, MD, a professor of pediatrics and infectious disease at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

€œI think this treatment was always a two-dose treatment. I think it’s better as a two-dose treatment. I think it would be hard to recommend this as a single-dose treatment at this point.” "As far as I'm concerned, it was always going to be necessary for J&J recipients to get a second shot." said James Hildreth, MD, PhD, the president and CEO of Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee.Archana Chatterjee, MD, dean of the Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University said she had changed her vote during the course of the meeting.

She said that based on the very limited safety and effectiveness data presented to the committee, she was prepared to vote against the idea of offering second doses of Johnson &. Johnson shots.But after considering the 15 million people who have been vaccinated with a single dose and studies that have suggested close to 5 million older adults may still be at risk for hospitalization because they’ve just had one shot, “This is still a public health imperative,” she said.“I’m in agreement with most of my colleagues that this second dose, booster, whatever you want to call it, is necessary in these individuals to boost up their immunity back into the 90-plus percentile range,” she said.Who Needs a Second Dose?. Thursday, the committee heard an update on data from Israel, which saw a wave of severe breakthrough s during the Delta wave.

asthma treatment cases are falling rapidly there after the country widely deployed booster doses of the Pfizer treatment.On Friday, the Marks from the FDA said the agency was leaning toward creating greater flexibility in the emergency use authorizations for the Johnson &. Johnson and Moderna treatments so that boosters could be more widely deployed in the U.S., too.The FDA panel on Thursday voted to authorize a 50-milligram dose of Moderna’s treatment -- half the dose used in the primary series of shots -- to boost immunity at least 6 months after the second dose. Those who might need a booster are the same groups who’ve gotten a green light for third Pfizer doses, including people over 65, adults at higher risk of severe asthma treatment and those who are at higher risk because of where they live or work.

The FDA asked the committee on Friday to discuss whether boosters should be offered to younger adults, even those without underlying health conditions. €œWe’re concerned that what was seen in Israel could be seen here,” Marks said. €œWe don’t want to have a wave of severe asthma treatment before we deploy boosters.”Some members of the committee cautioned Marks to be careful when expanding the EUAs, because it could confuse people.“When we say immunity is waning, what are the implications of that?.

€ said Michael Kurilla, MD, director of the Division of Clinical Innovation at the National Institutes of Health.Overall, data show that all the treatments currently being used in the U.S. €” including Johnson &. Johnson -- remain highly effective for preventing severe outcomes from asthma treatment, like hospitalization and death.Booster doses could prevent more people from even getting mild or moderate symptoms from “breakthrough” asthma treatment cases, which began to rise during the recent Delta surge.

They are also expected to prevent severe outcomes like hospitalization in older adults and those with underlying health conditions.“I think we need to be clear when we say waning immunity and we need to do something about that, I think we need to be clear what we’re really targeting [with boosters] in terms of clinical impact we expect to have,” Kurilla said. Others pointed out that preventing even mild to moderate s was a worthy goal, especially considering the implications of long-haul asthma treatment“asthma treatment does have tremendous downstream effects, even in those who are not hospitalized. Whenever we can prevent significant morbidity in a population, there are advantages to that,” said Steven Pergam, MD, medical director of prevention at the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance.“I’d really be in the camp that would be moving towards a younger age range for allowing boosters,” Pergam said.The report was published online Oct.

15 in JAMA Health Forum. Dr. Kevin Schulman, a professor of medicine at Stanford University's Clinical Excellence Research Center in Palo Alto, Calif., thinks lotteries were worth trying.

"Lotteries were important tactics to try and increase vaccination at a state level. Many of the states implementing lotteries were 'red' states, so I'm grateful that the Republican leadership began to get engaged in vaccination efforts. In the end, a tactic is not a communication strategy," Schulman said.

Communication tactics should be tested and evaluated to see if they are effective, Schulman added. "However, if a tactic fails, you need to implement other approaches to treatment communication. In many cases, the lottery was a single effort and when it didn't have the intended effect, we didn't see follow-up with other programs," he said.

Another expert isn't surprised that offering money to people to go against their beliefs doesn't work. "Most people make health choices weighing the risks, costs and benefits. In the case of treatments, many chose to get vaccinated, as they value leading a long, healthful life," said Iwan Barankay.

He is an associate professor of business economics and public policy at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, in Philadelphia "Those who did not get vaccinated were not swayed by those precious health benefits, so it seems illogical that a few dollars in expected payouts could convince them otherwise. The result that small incentives do not affect health outcomes has been replicably shown in multiple recent clinical trials," he explained. Also, a recent randomized field experiment in Philadelphia that varied incentives to get vaccinated also showed no effect on vaccination rates, Barankay said.

"There are, however, real socioeconomic and cultural barriers which lead people to avoid treatments based on their preferences or experiences – but again, small dollar amounts won't be able to address these," he added. It is the experience of seeing friends, family and colleagues becoming sick, and the gains treatment mandates bring in vaccination rates that make a difference, Barankay said. "It is important to continue the effort to show people real data from their communities on the hospitalization rates of vaccinated versus unvaccinated people, and how mandates inside companies reduce asthma treatment case numbers due to an increase in vaccination rates," he said.Oct.

15, 2021 -- A mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer is to deprive it of androgens, the hormones that make it grow. The testes are the main source of these hormones, so treatment can consist of either surgical removal of these organs or use of drugs to block their hormone production.Over time, some prostate cancers become resistant to these treatments and begin to expand again. As with many cancers that show these behaviors, finding exactly what makes them resistant can be tricky.A culprit may be bacteria that live in the gut.

Researchers found that in castrated mice and in people having androgen deprivation therapy, some of these gut bacteria start producing androgens that are easily taken into the bloodstream. According to these new findings,published in the journal Science, the androgens seem to support the growth of prostate cancer and its resistance to treatment.This study is the first to show that bacteria can produce testosterone, although the investigators are not yet sure what triggers them to start doing that. Androgen deprivation treatment may also lead to more of these hormone-producing microbes in the gut, the results suggest.

Fecal bacterial of people with treatment-resistant prostate cancer also showed a link to lower life expectancy. Fecal transplants from mice with treatment-resistant prostate cancer could trigger resistance in animals with disease susceptible to these hormones. When these mice received fecal transplants from humans with resistant cancer, the effect was the same.

A shift to treatment resistance.But the converse also was true. Fecal transplants from mice or humans with hormone-susceptible cancer contributed to limiting tumor growth.The findings may suggest new therapeutic targets. The microbes living in the gut.

In mouse studies, the researchers found that when they wiped out these bacteria, the cancer was much slower to progress to treatment resistance. Authors of a commentary accompanying the study say there are other places to look for bacteria that might be making these hormones, too, including the urinary tract or even in the tumor itself.Oct. 15, 2021 -- Machine learning has come a long way in the quarter-century since a computer nicknamed Deep Blue shocked the world by beating chess champion Garry Kasparov.

Today, when our smartphones have far more computing power than Deep Blue, scientists have trained their sights on even bigger opponents, including potentially fatal illnesses like cancer, heart disease, and asthma treatment.When supercomputers hunt for new drug cocktails to treat these conditions, scientists can feed the machines mountains of data from decades of studies to help inform the analysis. But the asthma is still too new and mutating too rapidly for scientists to turn to these usual strategies.Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have a new way to address the lack of data on the new ventolin. They’re training computers to run algorithms patterned after signaling networks in the human brain.

Like the brain, these neural networks can “learn” and adapt to rapidly changing information, forging new connections on the fly. To identify drug combinations that might work against asthma treatment, the investigators are asking their computer neural network to assess two things at once.One of those is to search for drug pairs that will be more powerful antivirals together than either drug on its own. This concept of two medicines being more effective in concert is known as “drug synergy.”The computer also looks for parts of a disease that the drugs target, such as proteins or genetic mutations linked to a condition.

The idea behind these two approaches is that the machines can “learn” which drug cocktails might have the most antiviral power.In their study,published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the MIT scientists reveal two potential drug cocktails they found using this approach. One combines remdesivir, which the FDA already approved to treat asthma treatment, and reserpine, a medication for high blood pressure. The other pairing is remdesivir and an experimental drug called IQ-1S, one of a family of medicines used to treat autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.These drug cocktails haven’t yet been proven effective against asthma treatment in human trials.

But the study results can help drug developers pinpoint which combinations might make the most sense to test as they search for new treatments.The internet is chock full of recommendations of what to add or remove from your diet to stave off cancer. Eat broccoli. Drink green tea.

Cut sugar. Don’t overcook your food. But how often do these claims hold water?.

Are there really superfoods that can prevent cancer or bad foods that can cause or worsen the disease?. Nutrition does play an important role in our overall health, and a poor diet can influence our chances of developing cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, about 1 in 5 cancers in the U.S.

And about 1 in 6 cancer deaths can be linked to poor nutrition, being overweight, not exercising, or alcohol. The American Cancer Society recommends healthy eating habits, which include lots of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, as well as limiting red meats, sugary beverages, highly processed foods, and refined grains.But how does a specific food, or type of food, affect our risk of cancer?. Here is the evidence -- or lack of evidence -- behind some of the most popular cancer-related diet claims.The Claim.

Sugar Fuels Tumor GrowthAll cells in our bodies, including cancerous ones, use sugar molecules, also known as carbohydrates, as their primary source of energy. But that’s not the only source of fuel for our cells. Cells can use other nutrients, such as proteins and fats, to grow.We have no evidence that simply cutting sugar from your diet will stop cancer cells from spreading.

€œIf [cancer cells] are not getting sugar, they’ll start to break down other components from other energy stores within the body,” said Carrie Daniel-MacDougall, PhD, MPH, a nutritional epidemiologist at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and director of MD Anderson's Bionutrition Research Core.Scientists are, however, investigating whether certain diets can help slow the growth of tumors. For instance, some preliminary evidence from trials in rodents and humans shows that the ketogenic diet, which is low in carbohydrates and high in fat, may help slow the growth of some types of tumors, such as those in the rectum, when combined with standard cancer treatments like radiation and chemotherapy. Although they don't understand exactly how this might work, experts have some hypotheses.Ketogenic diets are good at lowering levels of insulin, a hormone that helps our cells absorb sugar, and research in mice shows that high levels of insulin can weaken the ability of certain therapies to slow tumor growth, according to Neil Iyengar, MD, a medical oncologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.

€œWe and others are studying ketogenic diets for those types of tumors in clinical trials,” Iyengar said. €œBut a ketogenic diet is probably one of those types of diets that is not applicable to general cancer risk reduction. I think it's one of those diets that needs to be matched to the tumor biology.”But what about cancer prevention?.

Christine Zoumas, a registered dietitian and director of the Healthy Eating Program at the University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, noted an indirect link between eating high amounts of sugar and cancer risk. €œAnything that has a lot of added sugars is a source of a lot of calories,” Zoumas said. €œWhen you look at the things that increase cancer risk the most, especially for women, it’s excess body fat.”The Verdict.

Cutting sugar won’t stop cancer from growing, but early evidence suggests that a low-carb diet could enhance the effectiveness of certain cancer treatments.The Claim. Eating Overcooked or Burnt Food Causes CancerWhen cooked at high temperatures, some foods -- particularly carbohydrates such as bread or potatoes -- release a chemical known as acrylamide.“Some studies have suggested that by [overcooking or burning food], you create carcinogens in the food that can potentially harm the body,” Iyengar said. €œI would call it a hypothesis right now.

I’m not convinced this is truly the case.”Scientists have found that in rodents, high levels of acrylamide -- many times what is found in food -- can cause tumors to form. Human studies, however, have turned up little evidence that the acrylamide in foods raises the risk of cancer. When researchers have examined large groups of people to see if there is a link between acrylamide and cancers in various parts of the body, including the bowel, kidney, bladder and prostate, the majority have failed to find a clear link.

In some cases, even when a potential connection appears, such as between acrylamide and ovarian cancer, that link disappears after using more robust measurement tools, such as looking at acrylamide levels in blood. Certain methods of cooking meat, such as pan frying, grilling, or smoking, can release other chemicals -- substances called heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As is the case with acrylamide, rodents exposed to high levels of these chemicals develop tumors in various organs.

In humans, however, the evidence is much less clear. While some studies suggest eating chemicals from cooked meats can increase the risk for certain cancers, such as colorectal or pancreatic, others have reported no association.The Verdict. The evidence that eating overcooked or burnt food causes cancer in humans is inconclusive and not compelling.The Claim.

Eating Processed Foods Causes CancerThe evidence linking processed meats, such as salami, beef jerky, and cold cuts, to the risk of certain cancers -- namely colorectal cancer -- is strong.In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, classified processed meats as a Group 1 carcinogen, a designation reserved for cancer-causing substances. In a statement about the decision, made after 22 experts from 10 countries looked at hundreds of studies, the agency noted that this decision was based on “sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer.” At the same time, the IARC also looked at the association between red meat and cancer. After examining hundreds of studies, the group concluded that while there were links to colorectal, pancreatic, and prostate cancer, the evidence was limited, and it classified red meat as a “probable carcinogen.” Some studies that follow people over time suggest that other “ua-processed” foods, such sodas, canned soups, and instant noodles might increase the risk of developing cancer.

Such foods may contain potentially harmful chemicals, such as acrylamide, nitrates, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but they are also often high in added sugar, salt, and saturated fat.According to Zoumas, it’s the nutritional composition of these foods that are the most likely cause for concern, since they come with a lot of calories, which means eating too much can lead to an increase in body fat. Zoumas also noted that it is important to distinguish between “processed” and “ua-processed” foods. Cutting up fruit, bagging lettuce, or fortifying foods with iron or calcium are ways of processing food that don’t compromise nutritional value or add possibly carcinogenic compounds.The Verdict.

There is a strong link between processed meat and cancer risk. Red meat and ua-processed foods may also increase cancer risk, but the evidence is not as strong. The Claim.

Some Superfoods Can Prevent CancerWhile experts say that a diet rich in plant-based foods, such vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, can reduce cancer risk, they caution claims of any single superfood that keeps cancer at bay.“So far, there have not been robust enough data to suggest that one particular food or food product can in and of itself reduce risk of cancer or cancer progression,” Iyengar said. €œNutrition is very complex and strongly relies on the synergy within the total diet that you’re consuming, and also in the context of your general metabolic health, physical activity levels, and genetic predisposition.”Another consideration when it comes to diets is whether you’re starting a diet before or after a cancer diagnosis. While a plant-based diet may help stave off cancers in healthy people, when it comes to cancer patients, there are other considerations to be made.

Daniel-MacDougall noted, for instance, that she wouldn’t recommend that cancer patients begin vegetarian or vegan diets without talking with a cancer dietitian. €œCancer patients really need to think about supporting their immune system, so I don’t want to see a cancer patient start a [new] diet and become protein or B vitamin deficient,” she said. In addition, not all cancers -- or people -- are the same, so a dietary change that is good or bad for one person may not have the same effect on everyone else.

€œThe type of dietary intervention that is optimal for an individual is going to vary from person to person based on that person's biology, but also their type of cancer and what stage or setting they’re in,” Iyengar said. €œWhile there are general recommendations we can make to lower an individual's risk of developing cancer, I envision a future where we will have the data to support much more personalized recommendations.”Remember that diet is only one of several things to consider when it comes to cancer prevention, and even people who eat healthy can develop cancer, Zoumas noted. €œIf you get cancer and you have a healthy lifestyle, it’s going to be easier to go into a treatment and easier to recover -- and you don't know how much worse it could have been,” she said.

€œFor those who choose a healthy lifestyle, it’s never a waste -- and for people who haven't had a healthy lifestyle yet, it’s never too late.” The Verdict. Adding a single superfood to your daily foods won’t keep you from getting cancer. But eating a diet rich in plant-based foods such as vegetables and whole grains can help prevent the disease.Diana Kwon is a freelance journalist based in Berlin.

She covers health and the life sciences, and her work has appeared in publications such as Scientific American, The Scientist, and Nature. Find her on Twitter @DianaMKwon..

Oct. 15, 2021 -- A FDA advisory committee on Friday voted 19-0 to authorize second doses of the Johnson &. Johnson asthma treatment in an effort to boost immunity. It was the second vote in as many days to back a change to a asthma treatment timeline.In its vote, the committee said that boosters could be offered to people as young as age 18.

However, it is not clear that everyone who got a Johnson &. Johnson treatment needs to get a second dose. The same panel voted Thursday to recommend booster shots for Moderna treatment, but for a narrower group of people.It will be up to a CDC panel next week to make more specific recommendations for who might need another shot. The CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices is scheduled to meet next Thursday to discuss issues related to asthma treatments.Studies of the effectiveness of the J&J treatment in the real world show that its protection -- while good -- has not been as strong as the mRNA treatments made by Pfizer and Moderna, which are given as part of a two-dose series.

In the end, the members of the treatments and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee said they felt that the company hadn't made a case for calling their second shot a booster, but had shown enough data to suggest that everyone over the age of 18 should consider getting two shots of the Johnson &. Johnson treatment as a matter of course.This is an especially important issue for adults over the age of 50. A recent study in TheNew England Journal of Medicine found that older adults who got the Johnson &. Johnson treatment were less protected against and hospitalization than those who got mRNA treatments.Limited DataThe company presented data from six studies to the FDA panel in support of a second dose were limited.

The only study looking at second doses after 6 months included just 17 people.These studies did show that a second dose substantially increased levels of neutralizing antibodies, which are the body's first line of protection against asthma treatment . But the company turned this data over to the FDA so recently that agency scientists repeatedly stressed during the meeting that they did not have ample time to follow their normal process of independently verifying the data and following up with their own analysis of the study results.Peter Marks, MD, director of the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, said it would have taken months to complete that rigorous level of review.Instead, in the interest of urgency, the FDA said it had tried to bring some clarity to the tangle of study results presented that included three dosing schedules and different measures of effectiveness. €œHere’s how this strikes me,” said committee member Paul Offit, MD, a professor of pediatrics and infectious disease at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. €œI think this treatment was always a two-dose treatment.

I think it’s better as a two-dose treatment. I think it would be hard to recommend this as a single-dose treatment at this point.” "As far as I'm concerned, it was always going to be necessary for J&J recipients to get a second shot." said James Hildreth, MD, PhD, the president and CEO of Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee.Archana Chatterjee, MD, dean of the Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University said she had changed her vote during the course of the meeting. She said that based on the very limited safety and effectiveness data presented to the committee, she was prepared to vote against the idea of offering second doses of Johnson &. Johnson shots.But after considering the 15 million people who have been vaccinated with a single dose and studies that have suggested close to 5 million older adults may still be at risk for hospitalization because they’ve just had one shot, “This is still a public health imperative,” she said.“I’m in agreement with most of my colleagues that this second dose, booster, whatever you want to call it, is necessary in these individuals to boost up their immunity back into the 90-plus percentile range,” she said.Who Needs a Second Dose?.

Thursday, the committee heard an update on data from Israel, which saw a wave of severe breakthrough s during the Delta wave. asthma treatment cases are falling rapidly there after the country widely deployed booster doses of the Pfizer treatment.On Friday, the Marks from the FDA said the agency was leaning toward creating greater flexibility in the emergency use authorizations for the Johnson &. Johnson and Moderna treatments so that boosters could be more widely deployed in the U.S., too.The FDA panel on Thursday voted to authorize a 50-milligram dose of Moderna’s treatment -- half the dose used in the primary series of shots -- to boost immunity at least 6 months after the second dose. Those who might need a booster are the same groups who’ve gotten a green light for third Pfizer doses, including people over 65, adults at higher risk of severe asthma treatment and those who are at higher risk because of where they live or work.

The FDA asked the committee on Friday to discuss whether boosters should be offered to younger adults, even those without underlying health conditions. €œWe’re concerned that what was seen in Israel could be seen here,” Marks said. €œWe don’t want to have a wave of severe asthma treatment before we deploy boosters.”Some members of the committee cautioned Marks to be careful when expanding the EUAs, because it could confuse people.“When we say immunity is waning, what are the implications of that?. € said Michael Kurilla, MD, director of the Division of Clinical Innovation at the National Institutes of Health.Overall, data show that all the treatments currently being used in the U.S.

€” including Johnson &. Johnson -- remain highly effective for preventing severe outcomes from asthma treatment, like hospitalization and death.Booster doses could prevent more people from even getting mild or moderate symptoms from “breakthrough” asthma treatment cases, which began to rise during the recent Delta surge. They are also expected to prevent severe outcomes like hospitalization in older adults and those with underlying health conditions.“I think we need to be clear when we say waning immunity and we need to do something about that, I think we need to be clear what we’re really targeting [with boosters] in terms of clinical impact we expect to have,” Kurilla said. Others pointed out that preventing even mild to moderate s was a worthy goal, especially considering the implications of long-haul asthma treatment“asthma treatment does have tremendous downstream effects, even in those who are not hospitalized.

Whenever we can prevent significant morbidity in a population, there are advantages to that,” said Steven Pergam, MD, medical director of prevention at the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance.“I’d really be in the camp that would be moving towards a younger age range for allowing boosters,” Pergam said.The report was published online Oct. 15 in JAMA Health Forum. Dr. Kevin Schulman, a professor of medicine at Stanford University's Clinical Excellence Research Center in Palo Alto, Calif., thinks lotteries were worth trying.

"Lotteries were important tactics to try and increase vaccination at a state level. Many of the states implementing lotteries were 'red' states, so I'm grateful that the Republican leadership began to get engaged in vaccination efforts. In the end, a tactic is not a communication strategy," Schulman said. Communication tactics should be tested and evaluated to see if they are effective, Schulman added.

"However, if a tactic fails, you need to implement other approaches to treatment communication. In many cases, the lottery was a single effort and when it didn't have the intended effect, we didn't see follow-up with other programs," he said. Another expert isn't surprised that offering money to people to go against their beliefs doesn't work. "Most people make health choices weighing the risks, costs and benefits.

In the case of treatments, many chose to get vaccinated, as they value leading a long, healthful life," said Iwan Barankay. He is an associate professor of business economics and public policy at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, in Philadelphia "Those who did not get vaccinated were not swayed by those precious health benefits, so it seems illogical that a few dollars in expected payouts could convince them otherwise. The result that small incentives do not affect health outcomes has been replicably shown in multiple recent clinical trials," he explained. Also, a recent randomized field experiment in Philadelphia that varied incentives to get vaccinated also showed no effect on vaccination rates, Barankay said.

"There are, however, real socioeconomic and cultural barriers which lead people to avoid treatments based on their preferences or experiences – but again, small dollar amounts won't be able to address these," he added. It is the experience of seeing friends, family and colleagues becoming sick, and the gains treatment mandates bring in vaccination rates that make a difference, Barankay said. "It is important to continue the effort to show people real data from their communities on the hospitalization rates of vaccinated versus unvaccinated people, and how mandates inside companies reduce asthma treatment case numbers due to an increase in vaccination rates," he said.Oct. 15, 2021 -- A mainstay of treatment for prostate cancer is to deprive it of androgens, the hormones that make it grow.

The testes are the main source of these hormones, so treatment can consist of either surgical removal of these organs or use of drugs to block their hormone production.Over time, some prostate cancers become resistant to these treatments and begin to expand again. As with many cancers that show these behaviors, finding exactly what makes them resistant can be tricky.A culprit may be bacteria that live in the gut. Researchers found that in castrated mice and in people having androgen deprivation therapy, some of these gut bacteria start producing androgens that are easily taken into the bloodstream. According to these new findings,published in the journal Science, the androgens seem to support the growth of prostate cancer and its resistance to treatment.This study is the first to show that bacteria can produce testosterone, although the investigators are not yet sure what triggers them to start doing that.

Androgen deprivation treatment may also lead to more of these hormone-producing microbes in the gut, the results suggest. Fecal bacterial of people with treatment-resistant prostate cancer also showed a link to lower life expectancy. Fecal transplants from mice with treatment-resistant prostate cancer could trigger resistance in animals with disease susceptible to these hormones. When these mice received fecal transplants from humans with resistant cancer, the effect was the same.

A shift to treatment resistance.But the converse also was true. Fecal transplants from mice or humans with hormone-susceptible cancer contributed to limiting tumor growth.The findings may suggest new therapeutic targets. The microbes living in the gut. In mouse studies, the researchers found that when they wiped out these bacteria, the cancer was much slower to progress to treatment resistance.

Authors of a commentary accompanying the study say there are other places to look for bacteria that might be making these hormones, too, including the urinary tract or even in the tumor itself.Oct. 15, 2021 -- Machine learning has come a long way in the quarter-century since a computer nicknamed Deep Blue shocked the world by beating chess champion Garry Kasparov. Today, when our smartphones have far more computing power than Deep Blue, scientists have trained their sights on even bigger opponents, including potentially fatal illnesses like cancer, heart disease, and asthma treatment.When supercomputers hunt for new drug cocktails to treat these conditions, scientists can feed the machines mountains of data from decades of studies to help inform the analysis. But the asthma is still too new and mutating too rapidly for scientists to turn to these usual strategies.Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have a new way to address the lack of data on the new ventolin.

They’re training computers to run algorithms patterned after signaling networks in the human brain. Like the brain, these neural networks can “learn” and adapt to rapidly changing information, forging new connections on the fly. To identify drug combinations that might work against asthma treatment, the investigators are asking their computer neural network to assess two things at once.One of those is to search for drug pairs that will be more powerful antivirals together than either drug on its own. This concept of two medicines being more effective in concert is known as “drug synergy.”The computer also looks for parts of a disease that the drugs target, such as proteins or genetic mutations linked to a condition.

The idea behind these two approaches is that the machines can “learn” which drug cocktails might have the most antiviral power.In their study,published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the MIT scientists reveal two potential drug cocktails they found using this approach. One combines remdesivir, which the FDA already approved to treat asthma treatment, and reserpine, a medication for high blood pressure. The other pairing is remdesivir and an experimental drug called IQ-1S, one of a family of medicines used to treat autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.These drug cocktails haven’t yet been proven effective against asthma treatment in human trials. But the study results can help drug developers pinpoint which combinations might make the most sense to test as they search for new treatments.The internet is chock full of recommendations of what to add or remove from your diet to stave off cancer.

Eat broccoli. Drink green tea. Cut sugar. Don’t overcook your food.

But how often do these claims hold water?. Are there really superfoods that can prevent cancer or bad foods that can cause or worsen the disease?. Nutrition does play an important role in our overall health, and a poor diet can influence our chances of developing cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, about 1 in 5 cancers in the U.S.

And about 1 in 6 cancer deaths can be linked to poor nutrition, being overweight, not exercising, or alcohol. The American Cancer Society recommends healthy eating habits, which include lots of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, as well as limiting red meats, sugary beverages, highly processed foods, and refined grains.But how does a specific food, or type of food, affect our risk of cancer?. Here is the evidence -- or lack of evidence -- behind some of the most popular cancer-related diet claims.The Claim. Sugar Fuels Tumor GrowthAll cells in our bodies, including cancerous ones, use sugar molecules, also known as carbohydrates, as their primary source of energy.

But that’s not the only source of fuel for our cells. Cells can use other nutrients, such as proteins and fats, to grow.We have no evidence that simply cutting sugar from your diet will stop cancer cells from spreading. €œIf [cancer cells] are not getting sugar, they’ll start to break down other components from other energy stores within the body,” said Carrie Daniel-MacDougall, PhD, MPH, a nutritional epidemiologist at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and director of MD Anderson's Bionutrition Research Core.Scientists are, however, investigating whether certain diets can help slow the growth of tumors. For instance, some preliminary evidence from trials in rodents and humans shows that the ketogenic diet, which is low in carbohydrates and high in fat, may help slow the growth of some types of tumors, such as those in the rectum, when combined with standard cancer treatments like radiation and chemotherapy.

Although they don't understand exactly how this might work, experts have some hypotheses.Ketogenic diets are good at lowering levels of insulin, a hormone that helps our cells absorb sugar, and research in mice shows that high levels of insulin can weaken the ability of certain therapies to slow tumor growth, according to Neil Iyengar, MD, a medical oncologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. €œWe and others are studying ketogenic diets for those types of tumors in clinical trials,” Iyengar said. €œBut a ketogenic diet is probably one of those types of diets that is not applicable to general cancer risk reduction. I think it's one of those diets that needs to be matched to the tumor biology.”But what about cancer prevention?.

Christine Zoumas, a registered dietitian and director of the Healthy Eating Program at the University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, noted an indirect link between eating high amounts of sugar and cancer risk. €œAnything that has a lot of added sugars is a source of a lot of calories,” Zoumas said. €œWhen you look at the things that increase cancer risk the most, especially for women, it’s excess body fat.”The Verdict. Cutting sugar won’t stop cancer from growing, but early evidence suggests that a low-carb diet could enhance the effectiveness of certain cancer treatments.The Claim.

Eating Overcooked or Burnt Food Causes CancerWhen cooked at high temperatures, some foods -- particularly carbohydrates such as bread or potatoes -- release a chemical known as acrylamide.“Some studies have suggested that by [overcooking or burning food], you create carcinogens in the food that can potentially harm the body,” Iyengar said. €œI would call it a hypothesis right now. I’m not convinced this is truly the case.”Scientists have found that in rodents, high levels of acrylamide -- many times what is found in food -- can cause tumors to form. Human studies, however, have turned up little evidence that the acrylamide in foods raises the risk of cancer.

When researchers have examined large groups of people to see if there is a link between acrylamide and cancers in various parts of the body, including the bowel, kidney, bladder and prostate, the majority have failed to find a clear link. In some cases, even when a potential connection appears, such as between acrylamide and ovarian cancer, that link disappears after using more robust measurement tools, such as looking at acrylamide levels in blood. Certain methods of cooking meat, such as pan frying, grilling, or smoking, can release other chemicals -- substances called heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As is the case with acrylamide, rodents exposed to high levels of these chemicals develop tumors in various organs.

In humans, however, the evidence is much less clear. While some studies suggest eating chemicals from cooked meats can increase the risk for certain cancers, such as colorectal or pancreatic, others have reported no association.The Verdict. The evidence that eating overcooked or burnt food causes cancer in humans is inconclusive and not compelling.The Claim. Eating Processed Foods Causes CancerThe evidence linking processed meats, such as salami, beef jerky, and cold cuts, to the risk of certain cancers -- namely colorectal cancer -- is strong.In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, classified processed meats as a Group 1 carcinogen, a designation reserved for cancer-causing substances.

In a statement about the decision, made after 22 experts from 10 countries looked at hundreds of studies, the agency noted that this decision was based on “sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer.” At the same time, the IARC also looked at the association between red meat and cancer. After examining hundreds of studies, the group concluded that while there were links to colorectal, pancreatic, and prostate cancer, the evidence was limited, and it classified red meat as a “probable carcinogen.” Some studies that follow people over time suggest that other “ua-processed” foods, such sodas, canned soups, and instant noodles might increase the risk of developing cancer. Such foods may contain potentially harmful chemicals, such as acrylamide, nitrates, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but they are also often high in added sugar, salt, and saturated fat.According to Zoumas, it’s the nutritional composition of these foods that are the most likely cause for concern, since they come with a lot of calories, which means eating too much can lead to an increase in body fat. Zoumas also noted that it is important to distinguish between “processed” and “ua-processed” foods.

Cutting up fruit, bagging lettuce, or fortifying foods with iron or calcium are ways of processing food that don’t compromise nutritional value or add possibly carcinogenic compounds.The Verdict. There is a strong link between processed meat and cancer risk. Red meat and ua-processed foods may also increase cancer risk, but the evidence is not as strong. The Claim.

Some Superfoods Can Prevent CancerWhile experts say that a diet rich in plant-based foods, such vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, can reduce cancer risk, they caution claims of any single superfood that keeps cancer at bay.“So far, there have not been robust enough data to suggest that one particular food or food product can in and of itself reduce risk of cancer or cancer progression,” Iyengar said. €œNutrition is very complex and strongly relies on the synergy within the total diet that you’re consuming, and also in the context of your general metabolic health, physical activity levels, and genetic predisposition.”Another consideration when it comes to diets is whether you’re starting a diet before or after a cancer diagnosis. While a plant-based diet may help stave off cancers in healthy people, when it comes to cancer patients, there are other considerations to be made. Daniel-MacDougall noted, for instance, that she wouldn’t recommend that cancer patients begin vegetarian or vegan diets without talking with a cancer dietitian.

€œCancer patients really need to think about supporting their immune system, so I don’t want to see a cancer patient start a [new] diet and become protein or B vitamin deficient,” she said. In addition, not all cancers -- or people -- are the same, so a dietary change that is good or bad for one person may not have the same effect on everyone else. €œThe type of dietary intervention that is optimal for an individual is going to vary from person to person based on that person's biology, but also their type of cancer and what stage or setting they’re in,” Iyengar said. €œWhile there are general recommendations we can make to lower an individual's risk of developing cancer, I envision a future where we will have the data to support much more personalized recommendations.”Remember that diet is only one of several things to consider when it comes to cancer prevention, and even people who eat healthy can develop cancer, Zoumas noted.

€œIf you get cancer and you have a healthy lifestyle, it’s going to be easier to go into a treatment and easier to recover -- and you don't know how much worse it could have been,” she said. €œFor those who choose a healthy lifestyle, it’s never a waste -- and for people who haven't had a healthy lifestyle yet, it’s never too late.” The Verdict. Adding a single superfood to your daily foods won’t keep you from getting cancer. But eating a diet rich in plant-based foods such as vegetables and whole grains can help prevent the disease.Diana Kwon is a freelance journalist based in Berlin.

She covers health and the life sciences, and her work has appeared in publications such as Scientific American, The Scientist, and Nature. Find her on Twitter @DianaMKwon..

What should I tell my health care providers before I take Ventolin?

They need to know if you have any of the following conditions:

• diabetes
• heart disease or irregular heartbeat
• high blood pressure
• pheochromocytoma
• seizures
• thyroid disease
• an unusual or allergic reaction to albuterol, levalbuterol, sulfites, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding

Is out of date ventolin ok

A Commonwealth Fund study published Thursday found that many states will need strong is out of date ventolin ok federal support in order to distribute a asthma treatment effectively. "The success of a future asthma treatment vaccination program rests on achieving high rates of uptake, especially in states with higher case counts and states with larger Black, Latino, and American Indian populations," wrote the research team. Researchers examined past vaccination efforts for the is out of date ventolin ok seasonal flu and H1N1 to make predictions about a potential asthma treatment rollout. Although both programs aimed to vaccinate more than 70% of all adults on a voluntary basis, no state managed to inoculate more than half of its adults against seasonal flu in calendar year 2019.The H1N1 results were even direr.

Although government agencies had more direct control over allocation and distribution, uptake only averaged about 23%."We must not let the success of a is out of date ventolin ok breakthrough asthma treatment slip through our fingers. Having such a treatment is merely a first step," said Dr. David Blumenthal, president of the Commonwealth Fund and former is out of date ventolin ok National Coordinator for Health IT, in a statement. "The federal government must provide the leadership and resources to ensure that all states have what they need to distribute and administer treatments, particularly for high-risk populations and communities of color that not only have been disproportionately impacted by the ventolin, but face greater barriers to vaccination," Blumenthal added.WHY IT MATTERS The study found that some states with a higher current asthma treatment case burden – namely, those in the Rocky Mountains and the Midwest – have had lower flu vaccination rates in the past.

In 2019, for example, between 32.5% and 41.2% of adults in is out of date ventolin ok Illinois obtained the flu treatment. As of early December, the state had one of the highest per-capita numbers of asthma treatment cases in the country.Vaccination rates were also generally low in the southeastern United States, which was walloped by the novel asthma earlier this year.A similar pattern held for the H1N1 treatment. Again, southwestern states exhibited low vaccination rates, with less than 13% of adults vaccinated against the ventolin in some is out of date ventolin ok states."Although nearly a decade separates the two vaccination programs, and distribution of the treatments differed, similarities exist in how rates varied from state to state," wrote researchers. There existed a stark racial gap in vaccination rates, with 19 states reporting at least a 10-percentage-point flu-vaccination gap between Black and white residents in 2019.

This is particularly troubling, given the disproportionate effects of asthma treatment on communities of color.As researchers noted, systemic and medical racism is likely to affect vaccination rates, with distrust among many communities of color stemming in large part "from institutional experiences with racism and unethical medical experimentation." treatments are also linked to coverage and financial barriers that reflect a legacy of racial inequity, they write.The federal government can respond, write the researchers, through a coordinated federal agency response to expand state funding, standardize distribution strategies, operate is out of date ventolin ok centralized storage and administration facilities, and sponsor local treatment-awareness campaigns.The government should also prioritize racial and ethnic equity in allocation, produce a robust media campaign and eliminate treatment cost-sharing in public programs, the report advised. THE LARGER TREND As global treatment rollout looms, some countries have turned to digital health technologies to monitor uptake and side effects. In the United Kingdom, the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Authority contracted for the development of an is out of date ventolin ok AI tool to process any adverse drug reactions to the treatment. And Indonesia's asthma treatment Handling and National Economic Recovery Committee is strategically collaborating with the Indonesian Pediatrician Association Immunization Task Force, as well as a sanctioned asthma treatment-Testing Team, to speed the preparation of the treatment.

ON THE RECORD "The rapid is out of date ventolin ok spread of the asthma throughout the U.S. Underscores the need for rapid distribution of asthma treatments. A strong federal response is essential is out of date ventolin ok to deliver a treatment when and where it is most needed. If we fail to adequately vaccinate the public, the ventolin will continue to claim lives and livelihoods everywhere," Commonwealth Fund SVP for policy and research Dr.

Eric Schneider said is out of date ventolin ok in a statement. Kat Jercich is senior editor of Healthcare IT News.Twitter. @kjercichEmail. Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication..

A Commonwealth Fund study published Thursday found that many states can i buy ventolin online will need strong federal http://www.em-gustave-dore-strasbourg.site.ac-strasbourg.fr/wp/?page_id=2 support in order to distribute a asthma treatment effectively. "The success of a future asthma treatment vaccination program rests on achieving high rates of uptake, especially in states with higher case counts and states with larger Black, Latino, and American Indian populations," wrote the research team. Researchers examined past vaccination efforts for can i buy ventolin online the seasonal flu and H1N1 to make predictions about a potential asthma treatment rollout.

Although both programs aimed to vaccinate more than 70% of all adults on a voluntary basis, no state managed to inoculate more than half of its adults against seasonal flu in calendar year 2019.The H1N1 results were even direr. Although government agencies had more direct can i buy ventolin online control over allocation and distribution, uptake only averaged about 23%."We must not let the success of a breakthrough asthma treatment slip through our fingers. Having such a treatment is merely a first step," said Dr.

David Blumenthal, president of the Commonwealth Fund and former National Coordinator for Health can i buy ventolin online IT, in a statement. "The federal government must provide the leadership and resources to ensure that all states have what they need to distribute and administer treatments, particularly for high-risk populations and communities of color that not only have been disproportionately impacted by the ventolin, but face greater barriers to vaccination," Blumenthal added.WHY IT MATTERS The study found that some states with a higher current asthma treatment case burden – namely, those in the Rocky Mountains and the Midwest – have had lower flu vaccination rates in the past. In 2019, for example, between 32.5% and 41.2% of adults in can i buy ventolin online Illinois obtained the flu treatment.

As of early December, the state had one of the highest per-capita numbers of asthma treatment cases in the country.Vaccination rates were also generally low in the southeastern United States, which was walloped by the novel asthma earlier this year.A similar pattern held for the H1N1 treatment. Again, southwestern states exhibited low vaccination rates, with less than 13% of adults vaccinated against the ventolin in some states."Although can i buy ventolin online nearly a decade separates the two vaccination programs, and distribution of the treatments differed, similarities exist in how rates varied from state to state," wrote researchers. There existed a stark racial gap in vaccination rates, with 19 states reporting at least a 10-percentage-point flu-vaccination gap between Black and white residents in 2019.

This is particularly troubling, given the disproportionate effects of asthma treatment on communities of color.As researchers noted, systemic and medical racism is likely to affect vaccination rates, with distrust among many communities of color stemming in large part "from institutional experiences with racism and unethical medical experimentation." treatments are can i buy ventolin online also linked to coverage and financial barriers that reflect a legacy of racial inequity, they write.The federal government can respond, write the researchers, through a coordinated federal agency response to expand state funding, standardize distribution strategies, operate centralized storage and administration facilities, and sponsor local treatment-awareness campaigns.The government should also prioritize racial and ethnic equity in allocation, produce a robust media campaign and eliminate treatment cost-sharing in public programs, the report advised. THE LARGER TREND As global treatment rollout looms, some countries have turned to digital health technologies to monitor uptake and side effects. In the United Kingdom, the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Authority contracted for the development of an AI tool to process any adverse drug reactions to the treatment can i buy ventolin online.

And Indonesia's asthma treatment Handling and National Economic Recovery Committee is strategically collaborating with the Indonesian Pediatrician Association Immunization Task Force, as well as a sanctioned asthma treatment-Testing Team, to speed the preparation of the treatment. ON THE RECORD "The rapid spread of the asthma can i buy ventolin online throughout the U.S. Underscores the need for rapid distribution of asthma treatments.

A strong federal response is essential can i buy ventolin online to deliver a treatment when and where it is most needed. If we fail to adequately vaccinate the public, the ventolin will continue to claim lives and livelihoods everywhere," Commonwealth Fund SVP for policy and research Dr. Eric Schneider said in can i buy ventolin online a statement.

Kat Jercich is senior editor of Healthcare IT News.Twitter. @kjercichEmail. Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication..

How much ventolin can you take in a day

When experiencing the ups and downs of a virtual roller coaster ride, people who get migraine headaches reported more dizziness and motion sickness than people who do not get migraines, according to a how much ventolin can you take in a day new study published in the July 7, 2021, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.Researchers also found that people who get migraines also had more nerve cell activity in certain areas of the brain during the virtual roller coaster ride and less activity in other areas. Researchers said this abnormal processing of the visual motion stimuli in the brain was linked to migraine disability and more susceptibility to motion sickness."Millions of people regularly experience painful and debilitating migraine headaches that can reduce their quality of life," said study author how much ventolin can you take in a day Arne May, MD, PhD, of the University of Hamburg in Germany. "People with migraine often complain of dizziness, balance problems and misperception of their body's place in space during migraine. By simulating a virtual roller coaster how much ventolin can you take in a day ride, our study found that some of these problems are not only magnified in people who experience migraine, but they are also associated with changes in various areas of the brain.

By identifying and pinpointing these changes, our research could lead to a better understanding of migraine which could in turn lead to the development of better treatments."The study involved 20 people with migraine who were compared to 20 people without migraine. Participants had how much ventolin can you take in a day an average age of 30 and more than 80% were women. People with migraine had an average of four migraines per month.Researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to take brain scans of each participant as they watched videos to experience the virtual roller coaster rides. No participants experienced a how much ventolin can you take in a day migraine during the virtual rides.

After the virtual rides, participants were surveyed about their perceived levels of dizziness, motion sickness and other symptoms.Researchers found that 65% of people with migraine experienced dizziness compared to 30% of people without migraine. On a questionnaire about motion sickness, which scored symptom how much ventolin can you take in a day intensity on a scale of 1-180, those with migraine had an average score of 47 compared to an average score of 24 for people without migraine. People with migraine also experienced symptoms longer, an average of 1 minute and 19 seconds compared to an average of 27 seconds. Their symptoms were also more intense.From the how much ventolin can you take in a day brain scans, researchers were able to identify changes in nerve cell activity based on blood flow to certain areas of the brain.

People with migraine had increased activity in five areas of the brain, including two areas in the occipital gyrus, the visual processing area of the brain, and decreased activity in two other areas including the middle frontal gyrus. These brain changes correlated with migraine disability and motion sickness scores."One other area of the brain where we found how much ventolin can you take in a day pronounced nerve cell activity in people with migraine was within the pontine nuclei, which helps regulate movement and other motor activity," said May. "This increased activity could relate to abnormal transmission of visual, auditory and sensory information within the brain. Future research should now look how much ventolin can you take in a day at larger groups of people with migraine to see if our findings can be confirmed."The study was supported by the German Research Foundation.

Story Source. Materials provided by American how much ventolin can you take in a day Academy of Neurology. Note. Content may be edited how much ventolin can you take in a day for style and length.There are many reasons that an intranasal treatment against the asthma ventolin would be helpful in the fight against asthma treatment s, University of Alabama at Birmingham immunologists Fran Lund, Ph.D., and Troy Randall, Ph.D., write in a viewpoint article in the journal Science.That route of vaccination gives two additional layers of protection over intramuscular shots because it produces.

1) immunoglobulin A and resident memory B and T cells in the respiratory mucosa that are an effective barrier to at those sites, and 2) cross-reactive resident memory B and T cells that can respond earlier than other immune cells if a viral variant does start an ."Given the respiratory tropism of the ventolin, it seems surprising that only seven of the nearly 100 asthma treatments currently in clinical trials are delivered intranasally," Lund and Randall said. "Advantages of intranasal treatments include needle-free administration, delivery of antigen to the site of , and the elicitation of mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract."Their viewpoint article goes on to detail the individual how much ventolin can you take in a day advantages and challenges of each of the seven intranasal treatment candidates. Six are viral vectors, including how much ventolin can you take in a day three different adenoventolin vectors, and one candidate each for live-attenuated influenza ventolin, live-attenuated respiratory syncytial ventolin and live-attenuated asthma. The seventh treatment candidate is an inert protein subunit.Among the drawbacks of using ventolines that people may have encountered before is negative interference from anti-vector antibodies that impair treatment delivery.

And because of the minimal risk of reversion for the live-attenuated asthma ventolin, it would likely be contraindicated for infants, people over 49 and immunocompromised persons."Notably absent from the how much ventolin can you take in a day list of intranasal treatments are those formulated as lipid-encapsulated mRNA," Lund and Randall said, listing some of the challenges and adverse side effects that accompany that approach."Ultimately, the goal of vaccination is to elicit long-lived protective immunity," the UAB researchers concluded. Comparing the benefits and disadvantages of intranasal vaccination against intramuscular vaccinations, they suggest that perhaps effective vaccination need not be restricted to a single route."The ideal vaccination strategy," the immunologists concluded, "may use an intramuscular treatment to elicit a long-lived systemic immunoglobulin G response and a broad repertoire of central memory B and T cells, followed by an intranasal booster that recruits memory B and T cells to the nasal passages and further guides their differentiation toward mucosal protection, including immunoglobulin A secretion and tissue-resident memory cells in the respiratory tract."At UAB, Lund is a professor of microbiology and holds the Charles H. McCauley Chair of Microbiology how much ventolin can you take in a day. Randall is a professor of medicine in the Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, and he holds the Meyer Foundation William J.

Koopman, M.D., Endowed Chair in how much ventolin can you take in a day Immunology and Rheumatology. Story Source. Materials provided by how much ventolin can you take in a day University of Alabama at Birmingham. Original written by Jeff Hansen.

Note. Content may be edited for style and length.Small and seemingly specialized, the brain's locus coeruleus (LC) region has been stereotyped for its outsized export of the arousal-stimulating neuromodulator norepinephrine. In a new paper and with a new grant from the National Institutes of Health, an MIT neuroscience lab is making the case that the LC is not just an alarm button but has a more nuanced and multifaceted impact on learning, behavior and mental health than it has been given credit for.With inputs from more than 100 other brain regions and sophisticated control of where and when it sends out norepinephrine (NE), the LC's tiny population of surprisingly diverse cells may represent an important regulator of learning from reward and punishment, and then applying that experience to optimize behavior, said Mriganka Sur, Newton Professor of Neuroscience in The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT."What was formerly considered a homogenous nucleus exerting global, uniform influence over its many diverse target regions, is now suggested to be a heterogeneous population of NE-releasing cells, potentially exhibiting both spatial and temporal modularity that govern its functions," wrote Sur, postdoc Vincent Breton-Provencher and graduate student Gabrielle Drummond in a review article published last month in Frontiers in Neural Circuits.The article presents copious emerging evidence from Sur's group and many others, suggesting that that the LC may integrate sensory inputs and internal cognitive states from across the brain to precisely exert its NE-mediated influence to affect actions -- by throttling NE to the motor cortex -- and the processing of resulting feedback of reward or punishment -- by throttling NE to the prefrontal cortex.To investigate that hypothesis, the team has begun working with a $2.1 million, 5-year NIH grant awarded in April. In this study they are engaging mice in learning tasks where they are cued by tones of varying pitches and volumes.

Over the course of training the mice will learn that when a tone is high pitched, pressing a lever will yield a reward and when the tone is low pitched, the correct response would be to not push lest it experience an unpleasant air puff. By varying the tone volume, the experimenters will vary the certainty the mice can feel that they heard the cue correctly.The hypothesis (borne out by preliminary data) predicts that the NE will matter in multiple crucial ways, Sur said. When the mouse hears the cue tone, if the pitch is low the LC would send less NE via a cadre of neurons to the motor cortex, reflecting the animal's belief that the lever should not be pushed because no reward will be forthcoming. Meanwhile the lower the volume, the less certainty the animal has in its decision.

Conversely, a high tone of high volume would send more NE, reflecting the animal's certainty that pushing the lever would produce a reward.After the mouse has acted, the more surprising the feedback, the more NE it will produce and send via a distinct group to the prefrontal cortex, stimulating greater learning. So for instance, if the mouse hears a faint, high tone and gingerly presses the lever, the surprise of a resulting reward will stimulate a strong output of NE to instruct the prefrontal cortex because its expectations weren't very high. Whenever a mouse guesses wrong and feels an air puff, that will stimulate the strongest NE release to the prefrontal cortex. After such dynamics, Sur's team has observed consistent performance changes on the subsequent trial."This is a way by which norepinephrine can be thought of as an arousal signal, but it's also, importantly, in the context of ongoing function a learning signal," Sur said.

"It is both an execution signal and a learning signal, for both of which we can describe the actual quantitative relationships."Not only will the team be measuring the activity of LC-NE neurons, they'll also take them over using optogenetics (in which neurons can be controlled with light), so that they can silence or amplify LC-NE output to show how doing each affects action and learning.Understanding the true nature of how the LC works could be useful for improving treatments for certain disorders, Sur said. A potential treatment for PTSD, for instance, involves damping receptiveness to NE, but that also promotes drowsiness. A more principled and precise treatment could improve efficacy and reduce those side effects, he said."The hope is to affect the anxiety but not make you sleepy, if we understand the targets and theory behind it," Sur said. "That is the hope of basic science for treating disorders -- to make things more and more specific, to define the circuits and the specificity of functions that a system is involved in."Moreover the LC is an early region affected in Alzheimer's disease, he said.

Addressing that loss in the right way could help sustain forms of learning and cognition.One of the keys to a long life may lie in your net worth.In the first wealth and longevity study to incorporate siblings and twin pair data, researchers from Northwestern University analyzed the midlife net worth of adults (mean age 46.7 years) and their mortality rates 24 years later. They discovered those with greater wealth at midlife tended to live longer.The researchers used data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) project, a longitudinal study on aging. Using data from the first collection wave in 1994-1996 through a censor date of 2018, the researchers used survival models to analyze the association between net worth and longevity.To tease apart factors of genetics and wealth, the full sample was segmented into subsets of siblings and twins.In the full sample of 5,400 adults, higher net worth was associated with lower mortality risk. Within the data set of siblings and twin pairs (n=2,490), they discovered a similar association with a tendency for the sibling or twin with more wealth to live longer than their co-sibling/twin with less.

This finding suggests the wealth-longevity connection may be causal, and isn't simply a reflection of heritable traits or early experiences that cluster in families."The within-family association provides strong evidence that an association between wealth accumulation and life expectancy exists, because comparing siblings within the same family to each other controls for all of the life experience and biology that they share," said corresponding author Eric Finegood, a postdoctoral fellow in the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern.The researchers also considered the possibility that previous health conditions, such as heart disease or cancer, could impact an individual's ability to accrue wealth due to activity limitations or healthcare costs -- possibly confounding any association between wealth and longevity. To address this, they re-analyzed the data using only individuals without cancer or heart disease. However, even within this sub-group of healthy individuals, the within-family association between wealth and longevity remained.The study's senior author is Greg Miller, the Louis W. Menk Professor of Psychology and faculty fellow at the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern.

Co-authors of the study include other Northwestern faculty and trainees (Edith Chen, Daniel Mroczek, Alexa Freedman) as well as researchers from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. West Virginia University. Purdue University. And the University of Minnesota."Far too many American families are living paycheck to paycheck with little to no financial savings to draw on in times of need, said Miller.

"At the same time, wealth inequality has skyrocketed. Our results suggest that building wealth is important for health at the individual level, even after accounting for where one starts out in life. So, from a public health perspective, policies that support and protect individuals' ability to achieve financial security are needed." Story Source. Materials provided by Northwestern University.

Original written by Stephanie Kulke. Note. Content may be edited for style and length..

When experiencing the ups and downs of a virtual roller coaster ride, people who can i buy ventolin online get migraine headaches reported more dizziness and motion sickness than people who do not get migraines, according to a new study published in the July 7, 2021, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.Researchers http://www.ec-libermann-illkirch-graffenstaden.ac-strasbourg.fr/?page_id=49 also found that people who get migraines also had more nerve cell activity in certain areas of the brain during the virtual roller coaster ride and less activity in other areas. Researchers said this abnormal processing of the visual motion stimuli in the brain was linked to migraine disability and more susceptibility to motion sickness."Millions of people regularly experience painful and debilitating migraine headaches that can reduce their quality of life," said study author Arne May, MD, PhD, of the can i buy ventolin online University of Hamburg in Germany. "People with migraine often complain of dizziness, balance problems and misperception of their body's place in space during migraine. By simulating a virtual roller coaster ride, our study can i buy ventolin online found that some of these problems are not only magnified in people who experience migraine, but they are also associated with changes in various areas of the brain.

By identifying and pinpointing these changes, our research could lead to a better understanding of migraine which could in turn lead to the development of better treatments."The study involved 20 people with migraine who were compared to 20 people without migraine. Participants had an average age of 30 and more than can i buy ventolin online 80% were women. People with migraine had an average of four migraines per month.Researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to take brain scans of each participant as they watched videos to experience the virtual roller coaster rides. No participants experienced a migraine during the virtual can i buy ventolin online rides.

After the virtual rides, participants were surveyed about their perceived levels of dizziness, motion sickness and other symptoms.Researchers found that 65% of people with migraine experienced dizziness compared to 30% of people without migraine. On a questionnaire about motion sickness, which scored symptom intensity on a scale of 1-180, those with migraine had an average score of 47 can i buy ventolin online compared to an average score of 24 for people without migraine. People with migraine also experienced symptoms longer, an average of 1 minute and 19 seconds compared to an average of 27 seconds. Their symptoms were also more intense.From the brain scans, can i buy ventolin online researchers were able to identify changes in nerve cell activity based on blood flow to certain areas of the brain.

People with migraine had increased activity in five areas of the brain, including two areas in the occipital gyrus, the visual processing area of the brain, and decreased activity in two other areas including the middle frontal gyrus. These brain changes correlated with migraine disability and motion sickness scores."One other area of the brain where we found pronounced nerve cell activity in people with migraine was within the pontine nuclei, which helps regulate movement and other motor activity," said can i buy ventolin online May. "This increased activity could relate to abnormal transmission of visual, auditory and sensory information within the brain. Future research should now look can i buy ventolin online at larger groups of people with migraine to see if our findings can be confirmed."The study was supported by the German Research Foundation.

Story Source. Materials provided by American can i buy ventolin online Academy of Neurology. Note. Content may be edited for style and length.There are many reasons that an intranasal treatment against the asthma ventolin would be helpful in the fight against asthma treatment s, can i buy ventolin online University of Alabama at Birmingham immunologists Fran Lund, Ph.D., and Troy Randall, Ph.D., write in a viewpoint article in the journal Science.That route of vaccination gives two additional layers of protection over intramuscular shots because it produces.

1) immunoglobulin A and resident memory B and T cells in the respiratory mucosa that are an effective barrier to at those sites, and 2) cross-reactive resident memory B and T cells that can respond earlier than other immune cells if a viral variant does start an ."Given the respiratory tropism of the ventolin, it seems surprising that only seven of the nearly 100 asthma treatments currently in clinical trials are delivered intranasally," Lund and Randall said. "Advantages of intranasal treatments include needle-free administration, delivery of antigen to can i buy ventolin online the site of , and the elicitation of mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract."Their viewpoint article goes on to detail the individual advantages and challenges of each of the seven intranasal treatment candidates. Six are viral vectors, including three different adenoventolin vectors, and one candidate each for live-attenuated influenza ventolin, live-attenuated respiratory can i buy ventolin online syncytial ventolin and live-attenuated asthma. The seventh treatment candidate is an inert protein subunit.Among the drawbacks of using ventolines that people may have encountered before is negative interference from anti-vector antibodies that impair treatment delivery.

And because of the minimal risk of reversion for the live-attenuated asthma ventolin, it would likely can i buy ventolin online be contraindicated for infants, people over 49 and immunocompromised persons."Notably absent from the list of intranasal treatments are those formulated as lipid-encapsulated mRNA," Lund and Randall said, listing some of the challenges and adverse side effects that accompany that approach."Ultimately, the goal of vaccination is to elicit long-lived protective immunity," the UAB researchers concluded. Comparing the benefits and disadvantages of intranasal vaccination against intramuscular vaccinations, they suggest that perhaps effective vaccination need not be restricted to a single route."The ideal vaccination strategy," the immunologists concluded, "may use an intramuscular treatment to elicit a long-lived systemic immunoglobulin G response and a broad repertoire of central memory B and T cells, followed by an intranasal booster that recruits memory B and T cells to the nasal passages and further guides their differentiation toward mucosal protection, including immunoglobulin A secretion and tissue-resident memory cells in the respiratory tract."At UAB, Lund is a professor of microbiology and holds the Charles H. McCauley Chair of Microbiology can i buy ventolin online. Randall is a professor of medicine in the Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, and he holds the Meyer Foundation William J.

Koopman, M.D., Endowed Chair in Immunology and can i buy ventolin online Rheumatology. Story Source. Materials provided by University can i buy ventolin online of Alabama at Birmingham. Original written by Jeff Hansen.

Note. Content may be edited for style and length.Small and seemingly specialized, the brain's locus coeruleus (LC) region has been stereotyped for its outsized export of the arousal-stimulating neuromodulator norepinephrine. In a new paper and with a new grant from the National Institutes of Health, an MIT neuroscience lab is making the case that the LC is not just an alarm button but has a more nuanced and multifaceted impact on learning, behavior and mental health than it has been given credit for.With inputs from more than 100 other brain regions and sophisticated control of where and when it sends out norepinephrine (NE), the LC's tiny population of surprisingly diverse cells may represent an important regulator of learning from reward and punishment, and then applying that experience to optimize behavior, said Mriganka Sur, Newton Professor of Neuroscience in The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT."What was formerly considered a homogenous nucleus exerting global, uniform influence over its many diverse target regions, is now suggested to be a heterogeneous population of NE-releasing cells, potentially exhibiting both spatial and temporal modularity that govern its functions," wrote Sur, postdoc Vincent Breton-Provencher and graduate student Gabrielle Drummond in a review article published last month in Frontiers in Neural Circuits.The article presents copious emerging evidence from Sur's group and many others, suggesting that that the LC may integrate sensory inputs and internal cognitive states from across the brain to precisely exert its NE-mediated influence to affect actions -- by throttling NE to the motor cortex -- and the processing of resulting feedback of reward or punishment -- by throttling NE to the prefrontal cortex.To investigate that hypothesis, the team has begun working with a $2.1 million, 5-year NIH grant awarded in April. In this study they are engaging mice in learning tasks where they are cued by tones of varying pitches and volumes.

Over the course of training the mice will learn that when a tone is high pitched, pressing a lever will yield a reward and when the tone is low pitched, the correct response would be to not push lest it experience an unpleasant air puff. By varying the tone volume, the experimenters will vary the certainty the mice can feel that they heard the cue correctly.The hypothesis (borne out by preliminary data) predicts that the NE will matter in multiple crucial ways, Sur said. When the mouse hears the cue tone, if the pitch is low the LC would send less NE via a cadre of neurons to the motor cortex, reflecting the animal's belief that the lever should not be pushed because no reward will be forthcoming. Meanwhile the lower the volume, the less certainty the animal has in its decision.

Conversely, a high tone of high volume would send more NE, reflecting the animal's certainty that pushing the lever would produce a reward.After the mouse has acted, the more surprising the feedback, the more NE it will produce and send via a distinct group to the prefrontal cortex, stimulating greater learning. So for instance, if the mouse hears a faint, high tone and gingerly presses the lever, the surprise of a resulting reward will stimulate a strong output of NE to instruct the prefrontal cortex because its expectations weren't very high. Whenever a mouse guesses wrong and feels an air puff, that will stimulate the strongest NE release to the prefrontal cortex. After such dynamics, Sur's team has observed consistent performance changes on the subsequent trial."This is a way by which norepinephrine can be thought of as an arousal signal, but it's also, importantly, in the context of ongoing function a learning signal," Sur said.

"It is both an execution signal and a learning signal, for both of which we can describe the actual quantitative relationships."Not only will the team be measuring the activity of LC-NE neurons, they'll also take them over using optogenetics (in which neurons can be controlled with light), so that they can silence or amplify LC-NE output to show how doing each affects action and learning.Understanding the true nature of how the LC works could be useful for improving treatments for certain disorders, Sur said. A potential treatment for PTSD, for instance, involves damping receptiveness to NE, but that also promotes drowsiness. A more principled and precise treatment could improve efficacy and reduce those side effects, he said."The hope is to affect the anxiety but not make you sleepy, if we understand the targets and theory behind it," Sur said. "That is the hope of basic science for treating disorders -- to make things more and more specific, to define the circuits and the specificity of functions that a system is involved in."Moreover the LC is an early region affected in Alzheimer's disease, he said.

Addressing that loss in the right way could help sustain forms of learning and cognition.One of the keys to a long life may lie in your net worth.In the first wealth and longevity study to incorporate siblings and twin pair data, researchers from Northwestern University analyzed the midlife net worth of adults (mean age 46.7 years) and their mortality rates 24 years later. They discovered those with greater wealth at midlife tended to live longer.The researchers used data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) project, a longitudinal study on aging. Using data from the first collection wave in 1994-1996 through a censor date of 2018, the researchers used survival models to analyze the association between net worth and longevity.To tease apart factors of genetics and wealth, the full sample was segmented into subsets of siblings and twins.In the full sample of 5,400 adults, higher net worth was associated with lower mortality risk. Within the data set of siblings and twin pairs (n=2,490), they discovered a similar association with a tendency for the sibling or twin with more wealth to live longer than their co-sibling/twin with less.

This finding suggests the wealth-longevity connection may be causal, and isn't simply a reflection of heritable traits or early experiences that cluster in families."The within-family association provides strong evidence that an association between wealth accumulation and life expectancy exists, because comparing siblings within the same family to each other controls for all of the life experience and biology that they share," said corresponding author Eric Finegood, a postdoctoral fellow in the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern.The researchers also considered the possibility that previous health conditions, such as heart disease or cancer, could impact an individual's ability to accrue wealth due to activity limitations or healthcare costs -- possibly confounding any association between wealth and longevity. To address this, they re-analyzed the data using only individuals without cancer or heart disease. However, even within this sub-group of healthy individuals, the within-family association between wealth and longevity remained.The study's senior author is Greg Miller, the Louis W. Menk Professor of Psychology and faculty fellow at the Institute for Policy Research at Northwestern.

Co-authors of the study include other Northwestern faculty and trainees (Edith Chen, Daniel Mroczek, Alexa Freedman) as well as researchers from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. West Virginia University. Purdue University. And the University of Minnesota."Far too many American families are living paycheck to paycheck with little to no financial savings to draw on in times of need, said Miller.

"At the same time, wealth inequality has skyrocketed. Our results suggest that building wealth is important for health at the individual level, even after accounting for where one starts out in life. So, from a public health perspective, policies that support and protect individuals' ability to achieve financial security are needed." Story Source. Materials provided by Northwestern University.

Original written by Stephanie Kulke. Note. Content may be edited for style and length..

Ventolin hfa recall 2020

A study ventolin hfa recall 2020 published this month in JMIR Human Factors from Syracuse University researchers found that physicians are in favor of expanding telehealth permanently. However, many docs also voiced concerns with limitations of current telehealth technology offerings, noting that market concentration could lead to weighted effects of select platforms' capabilities. "As consumers, we want ventolin hfa recall 2020 competition which reduces the price and increases the quality," said lead author Bhavneet Walia, assistant professor of public health at Syracuse, about the study. "On one hand, from this survey, I believe telehealth can increase access," she said. "On the other hand, as a health economist, I worry that market concentration will reduce access." WHY IT MATTERS It's clear – at least from the magnitude of appointments over the past year or so – that patients like telehealth.

But until recently, less attention has been paid to ventolin hfa recall 2020 clinicians' feelings on the effectiveness and longevity of virtual care. Walia's team found that more than 40% of internal medicine physicians say they plan to continue telehealth practices after the ventolin. "In the U.S. We talk ventolin hfa recall 2020 about this iron triangle of healthcare, which is quality, access, and cost," said Walia. "The results of this survey show that physicians who practice internal medicine are in favor.

More than 40% ventolin hfa recall 2020 say they would continue with telehealth," she added. "This is great in terms of achieving the iron triangle." Physicians also said their access to telehealth training increased during the ventolin, suggesting an abrupt shift in healthcare system needs and delivery modes with the onset of the crisis. Patient-care visits conducted via telehealth also rose from 13.1% on average before the ventolin to nearly 60% during the early ventolin period. Clinicians also felt that telehealth patient visits and face-to-face ones ventolin hfa recall 2020 are comparable in quality. At the same time, there are hurdles.

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"Let’s make sure, as policymakers, that we don’t allow market concentration to happen." THE LARGER TREND Although the telehealth market has been historically dominated by a few major companies, the increase in uptake during the ventolin has opened the door for a flood of newcomers, particularly companies focused on app-based services.For instance, Amazon announced recently that it would make its phone-centric care available in all 50 states – and specialty prescription apps are also trying to get in on the action. ON THE RECORD "I was surprised by the results," ventolin hfa recall 2020 said Walia. "I initially thought that, because of the challenges of telehealth, physicians would not be in favor of continuing post-ventolin. It turns out they do. But make no mistake, there are challenges." ventolin hfa recall 2020 Kat Jercich is senior editor of Healthcare IT News.Twitter.

@kjercichEmail. Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication..

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